MD Elections 2014 - Research Project
The idea here is to get a list of the legislators along with what we know about their votes and positions on issues. This is a work in progress, and your help is requested.
Where to start?
1. Find your Legislative voting district
2. Scroll down to your district in post 1, 2, 4 (post key and State level races - AG, Gov). There you will find information about the legislator.
General Information:
Networking / Events
TO-DO:
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Running for Senate (listed by Legislative District)
1
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
G Edwards (R)
Voted Nay on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
2
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Shank (R)
3 Young narrowly won the 2014 Election
R Young (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
Corey Stottlemeyer (R)
Considered Pro-2A
4
Michael J Hough (R)
Currently serving as a Delegate in District 3B
Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
5
J Getty (R)
6 - Win for 2A in this district!
Johnny Olszewski (D) - Lost in 2014 General election. The final vote on FSA and good ratings from NRA-PVF were apparently not enough. Voted against a 2A-friendly amendment to FSA bill was not overlooked at the polls!
Currently serves as a Delegate in District 6
Voted against a 2A-friendly amendment to FSA bill - http://www.mdshooters.com/showpost.php?p=3197689&postcount=313
Voted Nay on FSA
Voted Yea MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
7
J. B. Jennings (R)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, RT, BB, GT, DP, MW
Voted Yea on MJD
Did not vote on TR
"A-" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
8
All candidates look to be pro-2A thus far
K Klausmeier (D) (I)
Voted Yea on MJD, BB, RT, MW
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, ST, TR, GT, DP
Was the only Democrat candidate in this districts 2010 primary
NRA endorsed - http://ww2.gazette.net/stories/082506/polia s194551_31970.shtml
"A+" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
E Lofstad (R)
EricL here on the forums - http://www.mdshooters.com/member.php?u=31742
"...a strong voice defending your right to bear arms..." - http://www.mdshooters.com/showpost.php?p=3070933&postcount=7
http://www.facebook.com/Lofstad2014
9
Details on various candidates
G Bates (R)
10
Discussion and Analysis - http://www.mdshooters.com/showthread.php?p=3192404
Delores G. Kelley (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, DP, MW
Voted Nay GT
Was 1 of 3 Democrat Candidates in this districts 2010 primary, and won by a significant margin.
"A+" from NRA-PVF in 2014
11
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Discussion
Bobby A. Zirkin (D)
12
Edward Kasemeyer (D)
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, MW
Voted nay DP
13
Guzzone (D)
14
K Montgomery (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
15
Feldman (D)
16
Frosh was the only Democratic candidate in 2010 Primary
Meyer Marks (R)
Susan Lee (D)
Brian Frosh (D) - now running for AG
17
Cheryl Kagan (D)
"F" from NRA-PVF in 2014
Brady Campaign work - http://www.cherylkagan.org/main/where-does-cheryl-stand-on-key-issues/#gun_control
Steve Zellers (R)
Jennie Forehand (D) - not running for reelection
She was 1 of 2 Democratic candidates in 2010, winning the Primary Election by just ~350 votes. She easily won the General Election. Speculation is that she is not running for reelection, at least in part, because she is anti-gun rights in an election district race that will be close.
18
Madaleno (D)
19
Manno (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
20
Jamie Raskin (D)
21
analysis here: http://www.mdshooters.com/showpost.php?p=3169292&postcount=247
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Rosapepe (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
22
Pinsky (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
23
Analysis: There are no (R) candidates running in this district, so whoever wins the Primary Election will win the General Election.
Peters (D)
24
Analysis: No (R) candidates running in this district
J Benson
25
Currie (D)
K Boone (R)
26
Anthony C Muse (D)
K Howells (R)
27
Thomas V. Mike Miller, Jr.
28
Thomas (Mac) Middleton (D)
29
Discussion - http://www.mdshooters.com/showthread.php?t=151257
Dyson (D)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP
Voted Yea MW
Funding details from 2012 - http://followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=138841
S Waugh (R)
30 - Close election!
J Astle (D)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, BB, ST, GT
Voted Yea on MJD, RT, TR, DP, MW
Quinn (R)
"A-" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
31
B Simonaire (R)
Voted Nay on FSA, 2-hour FSA debate time limit, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
32
Discussion
Analysis: DeGrange (D) - won by a sizable amount in the 2010 General Election. He is the only (D) candidate for 2014, so this election will come down to winning the General Election.
L Barber (R)
Pro-2A
DeGrange (D)
33
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Ed. Reilly(R)
34
Bob Cassilly (R)
"B" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Endorsed by Senator Jacobs
I am a strong supporter of 2nd Amendment rights
Mary-Dulany James (D)
35
W Norman (R)
36
S Hershey (R) (I)
Previously was a Delegate in District 36
Appointed to this seat. Filling vacancy left by E J Pipkin's retirement
Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT ,TR, GT, DP, MW
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Benjamin Tilghman (D)
37
Eckardt (R)
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
38 Close election. McDermott Lost by about 1300 votes. This is a district where a Republican has a chance to win in the future.
Analysis: Close race in 2010 - http://www.elections.state.md.us/elections/2010/results/General/gen_results_2010_2_01538.html
M McDermott (R) - Lost in 2014 General election
J Mathias (D)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
39
N King (D)
40
Pugh (D)
Voted Yea on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
41
Lisa Gladden (D) (potential DINO strategy)
42
Discussion
Tim Robinson (R)
http://www.facebook.com/TimRobinsonForSenate
http://www.timrobinsonforsenate.com/
James Brochin (D)
43
J Conway (D)
44
Analysis: In 2010 General Election, Jones-Rodwell received 5,727 votes and the opposing (R) candidate received 289 votes. As such, whoever wins the Primary Election will likely win the General Election. Register as a Democrat so that you can vote in the Primary. Since Nathan-Pulliam was not a cosponsor of FSA-H, this is probably the better choice between the 2 Anti-2A (D) candidates?
Nathan-Pulliam (D)
currently serving as a Delegate in District 10
Voted "Yay" on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
Absent on ST
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Reiter (R)
45
McFadden (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
46
Mateen Rasul Zar (D)
B Ferguson (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
47
Ramirez (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
See post 2 and 4 for House of Delegates. See post 4 for footnotes and key
The idea here is to get a list of the legislators along with what we know about their votes and positions on issues. This is a work in progress, and your help is requested.
Where to start?
1. Find your Legislative voting district
2. Scroll down to your district in post 1, 2, 4 (post key and State level races - AG, Gov). There you will find information about the legislator.
General Information:
- Candidates 2014
- NRA-PVF ratings for 2014 - https://www.nrapvf.org/grades/archive/2014/Maryland
- NRA's PVF ratings from 2010
- Summary information on who is running for what, including some financial details
- Project Vote Smart - information on Officials, including votes.
- AGC ratings of MD legislators - 2014 (in a pdf file)
- To save space in the post (there is a size limit), bills are abbreviated. Yea and Nay votes are also consolidated into 1 line each. See footnote in post 4 for the key and other notes.
- Who do the "Maryland State Education Association" support? Probably good to know who you don't want to vote for. http://mdappleballot.com/
Networking / Events
TO-DO:
- Analysis of 2014 Election results
- Identify fundraising events
- Identify FSA amendment votes that conflict with a legislators final vote. E.G. - look for votes against 2A-friendly amendments by legislators who ultimately voted Nay on the passage of the bill.
- Look at threads for districts and link in info
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Running for Senate (listed by Legislative District)
1
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
G Edwards (R)
Voted Nay on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
2
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Shank (R)
- Voted against FWA on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Nay on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
- Voted Yea on MJD
3 Young narrowly won the 2014 Election
R Young (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
Corey Stottlemeyer (R)
Considered Pro-2A
4
Michael J Hough (R)
Currently serving as a Delegate in District 3B
Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
5
J Getty (R)
- member of SJPC
- Voted against FWA on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, TR, GT, DP, MW
- Voted Yea on RT
6 - Win for 2A in this district!
Johnny Olszewski (D) - Lost in 2014 General election. The final vote on FSA and good ratings from NRA-PVF were apparently not enough. Voted against a 2A-friendly amendment to FSA bill was not overlooked at the polls!
Currently serves as a Delegate in District 6
Voted against a 2A-friendly amendment to FSA bill - http://www.mdshooters.com/showpost.php?p=3197689&postcount=313
Voted Nay on FSA
Voted Yea MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
7
J. B. Jennings (R)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, RT, BB, GT, DP, MW
Voted Yea on MJD
Did not vote on TR
"A-" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
8
All candidates look to be pro-2A thus far
K Klausmeier (D) (I)
Voted Yea on MJD, BB, RT, MW
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, ST, TR, GT, DP
Was the only Democrat candidate in this districts 2010 primary
NRA endorsed - http://ww2.gazette.net/stories/082506/polia s194551_31970.shtml
"A+" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
E Lofstad (R)
EricL here on the forums - http://www.mdshooters.com/member.php?u=31742
"...a strong voice defending your right to bear arms..." - http://www.mdshooters.com/showpost.php?p=3070933&postcount=7
http://www.facebook.com/Lofstad2014
9
Details on various candidates
G Bates (R)
- "Currently a Delegate for District 9A. Supporter of 2A, although she has not been a primary sponsor on any 2A bills in the past couple of sessions."
- Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
- Did not vote on ST
10
Discussion and Analysis - http://www.mdshooters.com/showthread.php?p=3192404
Delores G. Kelley (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, DP, MW
Voted Nay GT
Was 1 of 3 Democrat Candidates in this districts 2010 primary, and won by a significant margin.
"A+" from NRA-PVF in 2014
11
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Discussion
Bobby A. Zirkin (D)
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted FWA on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, GT, DP, MW
- Voted Nay TR
12
Edward Kasemeyer (D)
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, MW
Voted nay DP
13
Guzzone (D)
- Currently serving as a Delegate in District 13
- cosponsor of FSA-H
- Voted Yea on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
14
K Montgomery (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
15
Feldman (D)
- Was a delegate in district 15, and was appointed to fill this Senate Seat (vacated by Senator Rob Garagiola)
- cosponsor of FSA-H
- Voted Yea on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
16
Frosh was the only Democratic candidate in 2010 Primary
Meyer Marks (R)
Susan Lee (D)
- Currently serves as a Delegate in District 16
- cosponsor of FSA-H
- Voted FWA on FSA while it was in the HJC
- Voted Yea on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
- No response to emails during FSA/FSA-H legislative session
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Brian Frosh (D) - now running for AG
17
Cheryl Kagan (D)
"F" from NRA-PVF in 2014
Brady Campaign work - http://www.cherylkagan.org/main/where-does-cheryl-stand-on-key-issues/#gun_control
Steve Zellers (R)
Jennie Forehand (D) - not running for reelection
She was 1 of 2 Democratic candidates in 2010, winning the Primary Election by just ~350 votes. She easily won the General Election. Speculation is that she is not running for reelection, at least in part, because she is anti-gun rights in an election district race that will be close.
18
Madaleno (D)
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted in favor of a 2-hour FSA debate time limit
- Voted Yea on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
- 1 of 2 Democratic candidates in 2010, and won by a significant margin
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
19
Manno (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
20
Jamie Raskin (D)
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted favorably on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
21
analysis here: http://www.mdshooters.com/showpost.php?p=3169292&postcount=247
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Rosapepe (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
22
Pinsky (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
23
Analysis: There are no (R) candidates running in this district, so whoever wins the Primary Election will win the General Election.
Peters (D)
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
- 1 of 4 Democratic candidates in 2010, getting over 10K votes. The other candidates split the remaining ~7K votes
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
24
Analysis: No (R) candidates running in this district
J Benson
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
- Did not vote on MJD
- 1 of 2 Democratic candidates in 2010, winning by about 800 votes (out of ~11.4K total)
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
25
Currie (D)
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit
- Voted Yea on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
- The only Democratic candidate in the 2010 Primary Election
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
K Boone (R)
26
Anthony C Muse (D)
- Voted FWA on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, RT, BB, ST, GT, DP, MW
- Voted Nay TR
- Did not vote on MJD
- 1 of 2 Democrat candidates in the 2010 Primary, winning by a significant margin
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
K Howells (R)
27
Thomas V. Mike Miller, Jr.
- Senate President
- Voted in favor of a 2-hour FSA debate time limit
- Voted Yea MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, MW
- Voted Nay DP
28
Thomas (Mac) Middleton (D)
- See details on FSA votes @ post 36
- Voted Yea on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, MW
- Voted Nay DP
- Voted Nay on FSA, however the vote for a 2-Hour time limit effectively allowed the bill to pass.
29
Discussion - http://www.mdshooters.com/showthread.php?t=151257
Dyson (D)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP
Voted Yea MW
Funding details from 2012 - http://followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=138841
S Waugh (R)
30 - Close election!
J Astle (D)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, BB, ST, GT
Voted Yea on MJD, RT, TR, DP, MW
Quinn (R)
"A-" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
31
B Simonaire (R)
Voted Nay on FSA, 2-hour FSA debate time limit, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
32
Discussion
Analysis: DeGrange (D) - won by a sizable amount in the 2010 General Election. He is the only (D) candidate for 2014, so this election will come down to winning the General Election.
L Barber (R)
Pro-2A
DeGrange (D)
- Details on FSA votes
- Voted Yea on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, MJD, RT, ST, TR, GT
- Voted Nay on FSA, however the vote for a 2-Hour time limit effectively allowed the bill to pass, BB, DP, MW
33
There is only 1 candidate running for the seat
Ed. Reilly(R)
- "pro-2A and voted against FSA"
- Voted Nay on FSA, BB, RT, TR, GT, MW
- Voted Yea on MJD, DP
34
Bob Cassilly (R)
"B" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Endorsed by Senator Jacobs
I am a strong supporter of 2nd Amendment rights
Mary-Dulany James (D)
- Currently serving as a delegate in District 34
- Voted Nay on FSA, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP
- Voted Yea MJD, BB
- Did not vote on MW
- Voted against a 2A-friendly amendment to FSA bill
- "A-" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
35
W Norman (R)
- Currently serves as a Delegate in District 35
- Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT ,TR, GT, DP, MW
- Pro 2A with 100% rating from NRA throughout career
- "A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
36
S Hershey (R) (I)
Previously was a Delegate in District 36
Appointed to this seat. Filling vacancy left by E J Pipkin's retirement
Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT ,TR, GT, DP, MW
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Benjamin Tilghman (D)
37
Eckardt (R)
"A" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
38 Close election. McDermott Lost by about 1300 votes. This is a district where a Republican has a chance to win in the future.
Analysis: Close race in 2010 - http://www.elections.state.md.us/elections/2010/results/General/gen_results_2010_2_01538.html
M McDermott (R) - Lost in 2014 General election
- http://senatormcdermott.com/home.php
- Currently serves as a Delegate in District 38B
- Outspoken member in support of gun rights
- Voted Nay on FSA, MJD, BB, RT ,TR, GT, DP, MW
- Has been recognized by Maryland Shall Issue for "...support and defense of the 2nd Amendment and our Civil Rights in Maryland"
J Mathias (D)
Voted Nay on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
39
N King (D)
- cosponsor FSA
- Voted 2-hour FSA debate time limit
- Voted Yea on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
40
Pugh (D)
Voted Yea on 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
41
Lisa Gladden (D) (potential DINO strategy)
- Vice chair of SJPC, and was so when FSA was passed
- Voted FWA on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
- Did not vote on MJD
- The only Democratic candidate in the 2010 Primary Election
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
42
Discussion
Tim Robinson (R)
http://www.facebook.com/TimRobinsonForSenate
http://www.timrobinsonforsenate.com/
James Brochin (D)
- Voted FWA on FSA while it was in the SJPC
- Voted Nay on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit (though the FWA while it was in the SJPC is the more telling and critical vote.), ST, TR, GT, DP
- Voted In favor of FSA
- Voted Yea on MJD, BB, RT, MW
- The only Democratic candidate in the 2010 Primary Election
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
43
J Conway (D)
- cosponsor of FSA
- Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
- The only Democratic candidate in the 2010 Primary Election
- "F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
44
Analysis: In 2010 General Election, Jones-Rodwell received 5,727 votes and the opposing (R) candidate received 289 votes. As such, whoever wins the Primary Election will likely win the General Election. Register as a Democrat so that you can vote in the Primary. Since Nathan-Pulliam was not a cosponsor of FSA-H, this is probably the better choice between the 2 Anti-2A (D) candidates?
Nathan-Pulliam (D)
currently serving as a Delegate in District 10
Voted "Yay" on FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
Absent on ST
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
Reiter (R)
45
McFadden (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, ST, TR, GT, DP, MW
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
46
Mateen Rasul Zar (D)
B Ferguson (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
47
Ramirez (D)
cosponsor of FSA
Voted Yea on a 2-hour FSA debate time limit, FSA, MJD, BB, RT, TR, GT, DP, MW
"F" rating from NRA-PVF in 2014
See post 2 and 4 for House of Delegates. See post 4 for footnotes and key
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