I have thousands of miles (including very bumpy, high speed expansion joints) on my carbon fiber. No issues.
Buy CF, upgrade components when able. Swap the nice stuff to a new frame in 5-8 years.
There is no comparison between between a "couple hundred" dollar bike and a 1.5-3K bike. That price point gets you into the very good stuff that any enthusiast will be happy with.
If going for Shimano eqpt, 105 is the entry point for road gear, moving up to
Ultegra then Dura Ace. Stick with a 105 minimum entry point.
+1